Despite its importance [5] accurate data on pet animal vaccination remains elusive [6] partly because pet sector lacks national over site of population health. On a brighter side more than 80% of dog owners in this study population had recorded vaccination of their dogs. Though these 20% unvaccinated dogs help vaccine preventable pathogens persist in the population, especially in areas of higher socioeconomic deprivation despite the fact the vaccines are often free in the studied population [7].

Most established vaccine guideline groups have defined a core set of vaccine antigen that every dog should benefit from [8].Interestingly, and in contrast to overall vaccines dogs in this study area receive more of core vaccines than noncore most especially rabies with 80% than parvo virus vaccine with 20% suggesting vaccine guidelines and information on vaccination of rabies is more than other diseases e.g. parvo virus. Rabies vaccine in some countries is a core vaccine [9].

As per the results from our dog owners 76% do deworm their dogs and 24% didn’t. Most owners 52% dewormed monthly 16% after 3months and 32% irregularly. In contrast with the study in Netherlands where 10.8% of dogs had never received any anthelmintic treatment, 21.5% were treated once a year, 19.3% twice a year, 11.6% three times a year, 16.2% four or more times a year and 12.8% were treated because of indication [10] and the most important factor influencing deworming frequency was the frequency of veterinary visits or if owners visited their veterinarian more than once a year. The percentage distribution on how the dogs receive their deworming is by veterinarian and so they have a key role in instructing the dog owners with regard to helminthoses and their prevention. The remaining percentage of deworming frequencies despite the high potential parasite infection risk suggests dog owners need advice and more information to be improved to ensure 100% of dog deworming in this study area. Regarding the anthelmintic used majority of dog owners 74% use Zerokrim 2% prazivet and 34% others and due to this results the veterinarian do have a role to play in educating the owners on several licensed and effective anthelmintic to be used thus to achieve the goal of better implementation of expert recommendation. The study also shows most owners 68% knew of the possibility of transmission of parasite to human and most owners aware were significantly higher in owners with secondary and academic degree, In contrast to a Portuguese study report that 35% did not know about the transmission of parasite to themselves [11].

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Results in this study shows that most people are aware of parasitic control in dogs (54%) although some owners administered drugs at irregular intervals which may render them ineffective. Parasiticides are an essential component of any parasite control regime. 80% treated their animal weekly against external parasite 6% every two weeks and 14% irregularly. This results contrast with other international studies, namely from Portugal [12] where 92.2% of the dogs surveyed were treated against external parasite(although all-year round or seasonally (at monthly intervals) in just 50.5%.In UK, control of ectoparasite infestations remains a considerable challenge due to the absence of clear treatment standards, and high prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs [13] and many other parts of the world. 66%used tixfix and this could lead to the fear of resistance. Most of the owners go the treat from the vet.

 The results of the present study have shown that a relatively higher proportion of dog owners (82%) in survey area are well informed on rabies as a zoonotic disease and how it’s transmitted to humans, 18% don’t.The Nairobi county government recently passed and gazetted the dog Control and Welfare act 2015, Number 10 of 2016.This Act is a public health measure that aims at licensing all dogs within the city boundaries. It’s clearly from the study that very few people are aware of this Act 98%have no knowledge of the Act. And only 50% knew about all the laws of dog keeping in the Kenya.

Systematic review found that dog population management is conducted in many countries globally [14].Similarly from the results of this study majority of respondents were aware of the dog population control methods (92%),most especially the fertility control measures this can be achieved through surgical or chemical sterilization or contraception, [15].Surgical sterilization is the predominant method of fertility control this results in a reduced desire to seek out mates, as well as reduced sexual competition, which can cause weight gain [16] and decrease aggression between individuals. Like in my study 74% knew of castration as a population control, 20% spays. This method involves collecting dogs and carrying out spay or castrations surgery in either a fixed location or mobile clinic . This has been carried out in several countries and states ,for example in Italy [17]. Surgical sterilization is generally more social acceptable and most known than culling or any other methods. Population management therefore typically focuses on free-roaming dogs [18] to control the population size and depending on the approach taken to improve dog health and welfare and mitigate against public health and environmental problems [19].

High mortality in canine neonates are related to many factors including prolonged labour ,maternal neglect or carelessness, lack of milk, plus congenital abnormalities and acquired disorders in the neonates [20].The immature status of the new born puppies makes them vulnerable and totally depending on intensive care from the dam. 24% of respondents have knowledge about lack of milk as a cause of pups’ death, colostrum is vital for passive transfer of immunity to the new borns. Also milk is important so that the pups don’t die of starvation. A puppy that is apparently normal at birth but fails to survive is referred to as a fader the cause of this syndrome is due to poor mothering, inadequate nutrition and infections [21].

There were significantly higher numbers of pups death, this loses were due to the occurrence of parvo virus and herpes virus infection. The prominence of infectious disease in this period may be as a result of the in utero transfer of immunoglobulins. It has shown that even without the ingestion of colostrum, a pup is usually protected for at least one week due to a small amount of in utero transfer of immunoglobulin [22].In my study 68% of respondent were aware of parvo virus infection as a cause of puppy mortalities.

Also, from the study most people prefer keeping their dogs outside 86% than inside14%. According to Ryan Llera, a number of meals a dog eats depends completely on the family schedule, dog should eat at least two meals each day but breakfast, lunch and dinner schedule is an equally great option, in contrast to my study 52% people feed ones a day and 48% twice a day. Finally, 78% knew what to do in case of a dog bite and 22% didn’t know, 44% would seek medication. 34% wash of the wound. In other studies where people have experienced dog bites, they have practiced washing of the wound with water and soap was the best option [23]. Washing of rabies infected wounds with soap and water can increase survival by 50% [24]. 56% would report on to the vet, 26% would confine the dog and 14% do nothing.