Research Article
Some Heavy Metals in Different Parts of Consumed Chickens in Lahijan City – Iran; Health Risk Assessment
Milad Sheydaei*, Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani**, Zeliha Selamoglu, Zahra Alizadeh-Terepoei, Ani BoghozianGharghani
1Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran
2Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Iran
3Medical Biology Department, Medicine Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Tutkey
4Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Gilan,Rasht, Iran
Received Date: 25/11/2020; Published Date: 03/12/2020
*Corresponding author: Milad Sheydaei and Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani, Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Iran, Department of Biochemistry, Payame Noor University, Iran
DOI: 10.46718/JBGSR.2020.06.000139
Cite this article: Milad Sheydaei*, Ebrahim Alinia-Ahandani**, Zeliha Selamoglu, Zahra Alizadeh-Terepoei, Ani Boghozian-Gharghani. Some Heavy Metals in Different Parts of Consumed Chickens in Lahijan City – Iran; Health Risk Assessment. Op Acc J Bio Sci & Res 6(1)-2020.
Abstract
Toxic metals sometimes imitate the action of an essential element in the body, interfering with the metabolic process resulting in illness. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. In this research, we tried assessing some pointed heavy metals such as nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, and cadmium which were prepared and analyzed in chicken liver, thigh, and breast muscles in Lahijan city. Heavy metal concentrations are associated with the use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The accessed results expressed the higher rates of heavy metals studied in chicken in some cases compare as world regulation standards. Also, the highest amount of heavy metals was in liver tissue.
Keywords: Food safety; Heavy metals; Chicken; Risk assessment
Introduction
With the development of human societies and the change in the human lifestyle, it has caused many problems for the environment [1-6]. Plastics, industrial effluents and sewage have polluted the water and caused many problems for vegetation, animals, and humans [7-24]. The extinction of many animal and plant species is part of this human negligence. These issues cause new diseases and threaten human health. Nutrition is a key part of human health. Protein products are an essential dietary requirement. Among protein products, chicken is one of the most widely consumed foods due to its easy availability and high nutritional value, so the health of the meat consumed is very important. One of the most important chemical contaminants is heavy metals, causing irreparable damage [25]. If excessive amounts of heavy metals are received through food, due to their accumulative properties, high stability and toxic effects can pose a serious threat to human health [26-42]. Because these compounds are not metabolized in the body, they can be stored in body tissues such as muscles and bones. Heavy metals have the potential to cause diseases such as mental retardation, hearing impairment, immune system dysfunction, brain diseases, blindness, muscle weakness and cancer [27,28-41]. Heavy metals enter the food chain through natural and unnatural pathways. Natural pathways such as mineral erosion, wind, river, groundwater, and volcanic activity. Also, unnatural pathways such as industrial and domestic sewage, pesticides, mines, factory waste, fuel combustion, metal plating and chemical industries. Therefore, there are different ways to contaminate chicken meat, such as contamination of diet, water, air and soil. In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals such as nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, and cadmium in chicken liver, thigh, and breast muscles in Lahijan city (north of Iran) were investigated using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Experimental
1.1. Materials
The chickens were prepared from the local market of Lahijan and immediately transferred to the laboratory environment and kept at -18 °C until analysis. Also, all other solvents and chemicals were purchased from Merck Chemicals Co. and used as received.
1.2. Measurements and Characterization
A PerkinElmer (Shelton, CT, USA) Optima 3300 DV ICP-OES instrument was used for determinations.
1.3. Preparation of Samples
Chicken tissue (1g) with HNO3 (60%, 5 mL) kept at room temperature for 24 h. Then, HCLO4 (75%, 2.5 mL) was added and the solution was heated at 140 °C for 1 h to obtain a clear solution. Finally, the solution was filtered, and with HNO3 (2N) to 25 mL.
1.4. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Chicken Tissue Samples
First, the standard curve was drawn using the standard stock solution of the studied metals. Dilution was performed by distilled water. Concentrations were 100, 500, and 1000 μg/kg of heavy metals and the results are shown in (Table 1).
Table 1: Characteristics of heavy metals.
1.5. Calculate Daily Intake (Di) of Heavy Metals and Health Risk
Equation 1 was used to calculate the DI of heavy metals through chicken consumption in mg/kg body weight per day. In Equation 1, C represents the concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg), DC represents the daily consumption of chicken (46.3 g), and BW is the body weight (adults 70 kg) [29,30].
DI = (C×DC)/BW × 10-3 (1)
The non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to various heavy metals through chicken consumption was calculated according to Equation 2 based on the target hazard quotient (THQ) index. In this equation, RFD is the oral reference dose. RFD for Lead, cadmium, zinc, nickel and arsenic were reported to be 3.5, 0.1, 300, 2, and 3 (mg/kg) per day, respectively [31].
THQ = DI/RFD (2)
Also, Equation 3 was used to calculate the carcinogenic risk (CR) of heavy metals through chicken consumption. In this equation, CSF is the cancer slope factor (kg.day/mg). CSF has only been reported for arsenic and lead (1500 and 8.5 per day, respectively) [32].
CR = DI × CSF (3)
Results and Discussion
The results of heavy metals from the samples are given in (Table 2). As can be seen, the highest amounts of heavy metals are in chicken liver. (Table 3) shows the amount daily consumption, non-carcinogenic risk, and carcinogenic risk of exposure to heavy metals through chicken intake. The international standard for cadmium in food is 50 µg/kg [33]. Cadmium is a carcinogen. Exposure to cadmium increases the risk of lung, gallbladder and lung cancers. The results of this study indicate that the highest concentration of cadmium is in the liver tissue, which may be due to the fact that the liver is responsible for the metabolism of toxins and drugs. The international standard for lead in food is 100 µg/kg, and the maximum daily allowable intake of nickel in an adult is 0.3 mg [34]. Lead can bind to enzymes and proteins in the human body and can interfere with the function of enzymes and protein synthesis [35]. Also, the greatest danger of nickel is its carcinogenic potential [36]. As can be seen from the results, the highest amount of these metals is still in chicken liver. Unfortunately, there is no national standard for arsenic in food in Iran. Among chicken tissues, the highest amount of arsenic is found in the liver. Zinc is an essential metal for humans, but high levels can pose the health risks. The maximum allowable daily intake of zinc in an adult is 60 mg [34-37,38]. As can be seen, the liver has the highest amount of zinc. The results show that the highest amount of heavy metals is present in chicken liver and according to the results of THQ index for all heavy metals studied was less than one, which indicates a low non-carcinogenic risk in chicken intake. But, due to the low price of chicken liver in northern Iran [39,40] , especially in the city of Lahijan, and due to the great interest of the local people in the use of chicken liver in meals (much more than 46.3 g), there is a concern that the people of this region receive more than the daily allowance intake of heavy metals.
Table 2: Comparison of average concentrations of heavy metals (µg/kg) in different brands chicken meat in Lahijan.
Table 3: DI, THQ, and CR of heavy metals through chicken intake.
Conclusion
In summary, heavy metals such as nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc, and cadmium were measured in chicken liver, thigh, and breast muscles in Lahijan city (north of Iran). The results showed that the amount of heavy metals studied in chicken is high in some cases and threatens health. Also, the highest amount of heavy metals was in liver tissue. The amount of arsenic in chicken tissues was also a concern. Due to the presence of these heavy metals in the liver, breast and thigh tissues of chickens, their doses are expected to be continuously monitored.
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