Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death from infectious diseases worldwide. Despite the fact that it can affect any organ or site of the body, the breasts, skeletal muscles and spleen are the most resistant to TB [5,6].Tuberculosis comprises approximately 0.025% to 0.1% of all surgically treated diseases of the breast, but this ratio is higher in underdeveloped countries [7]. The first description of mammary tuberculosis was given by Sir Astley Cooper in 1829 [5]. He described TB mastitis as “scrofulous swelling” in the bosom of young women. Although breast TB is primarily considered a disease of the developing world, a steady increase in the incidence of the disease has also been seen in developed countries. This is probably because of the migration of the infected population from endemic zones, and an increasing number of patients who are immune compromised [8]. Tuberculous mastitis is more commonly seen in females of reproductive age group, however, especially during the lactation period, when they are more susceptible since the lactating breast is more vascular and predisposed to trauma [4,5]. Both breasts are reported to be involved with equal frequency. Bilateral disease is rare, occurring in 3% of patients [5].

The duration of symptoms varies from a few months to several years, but in most instances, it is less than a year. Constitutional symptoms such as fever, weight loss, night sweats, or a failing of general health are infrequently encountered [2] and is present is less than 20% of cases. Our patient presented only a month history of breast lump without much constitutional symptoms. Its clinical manifestations are variable. Patients usually have a positive tuberculin skin test [9] so as our patient had. The common presentation of breast TB is a lump in the breast with or without ulceration, may associate with the sinus. Other presentations are diffuse nodularity and multiple sinuses. Multiple lumps are less common. Pain in the lump is present more frequently in breast TB cases than in breast carcinomas but our patient had painful breast lump. The involvement of the nipple and the areola is rare in TB. Fixation of the skin, which resembles a neoplastic lesion, may also be present but nipple discharge is uncommon. Associated axillary lymphadenopathy is found in some patients [1,3,10] as our patient had. Other uncommon presentations include; a typical undermined tuberculosis ulcer, purulent discharge from the nipple or with a fluctuant swelling which, if inadvertently incised, produces a discharging ulcer [5,11]. Both breasts can be affected equally but bilateral involvement is very uncommon. Although the upper outer quadrant seems to be the most frequently involved site due to its proximity to the axillary nodes, any area of the breast can be affected9. Lung lesions (active or healed) on radiographic examination are rare now. Mammography is of limited use since the findings are often indistinguishable from a malignancy [11] and young patients have highly dense breast tissue. Co-existing tuberculosis and carcinoma of the breast was reported by Alzaraa et al. [12].

Tuberculosis of the breast is mainly classified according to its primary and secondary forms. Although it was initially believed that as much as 60% of breast tuberculosis was primary, it is now accepted that mammary tuberculosis is almost invariably secondary to a lesion elsewhere in the body. Primary infection of the breast however, through abrasions in the skin or through the duct openings on the nipple is a possibility. The most common mode of infection is thought to be retrograde lymphatic spread from the pulmonary focus through the para- tracheal and internal mammary lymph nodes. Hematogenous spread and direct extension from contiguous structures are other modes of infection [5].

Breast tuberculosis was originally classified by McKeon et al [13] into the following categories:

        a)       Acute miliary type – rare, due to blood borne infection in miliary tuberculosis;

        b)      Nodular type – the most common type, which presents as a localized lump with or without sinuses in one quadrant of the breast;

        c)       Disseminated type – involving the entire breast with multiple sinuses;

       d)      Sclerosing type – minimal caseation and extensive hyalinization of the stroma, shrinkage of the breast tissue with early skin retraction and late sinus formation; clinically this type is indistinguishable from carcinoma; and (e) tuberculous mastitis obliterans – a rare form due to intra ductal infection with fibrosis and obliteration of the ductal system; sinus formation is infrequent [3,5,13]. Mantoux testing does not offer definitive diagnosis, but confirms exposure of the patient to tubercle bacilli.

Radiological imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasonography are unreliable in distinguishing breast TB from breast carcinoma. Similarly, computed tomography (CT) scan and MRI do not give a conclusive diagnosis without histopathological confirmation. CT scan is useful in differentiating between the primary and secondary forms. It is also helpful in evaluating the relationship between deeply located lesions with the chest wall and pleura and in detecting parenchymal lesions of the lung. As such it provides valuable guides to surgery and in defining the extent of the disease, including the involvement of the chest wall [10,14]. The demonstration of acid fast bacilli (AFB) from the lesions is usually difficult [15]. In tuberculosis mastitis, AFB are identified only in 12% of the patients. Our patient also did not show any AFB in the lesion. Therefore, clinical suspicion and demonstration of caseating granulomas with Langhans’ giant cells from the breast tissue and involved lymph nodes may be sufficient for the diagnosis. In tuberculosis-endemic countries, the finding of granuloma in FNAC warrants empirical treatment for tuberculosis even in the absence of positive AFB and without culture results [15,16].

Detailed histological evaluation is, however, mandatory to rule out a co-existing carcinoma. Core needle aspiration biopsy from our patients left breast revealed caseation, epitheloid giant cells without any evidence of malignancy. FNAC is very useful and it is a promising technique in expert hands16. A biopsy is mandatory for confirmation of diagnosis. Anti-tuberculous chemotherapy is still the main treatment for breast TB, and no specific guidelines are available for this kind of treatment. The disease should be treated as any other form of extrapulmonary TB. Anti-tuberculosis therapy comprises rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the initial two months, which is then followed by rifampicin and isoniazid for another four months. The extension of anti-tuberculosis therapy from 12 to 18 months is required in patients with slow clinical response, and complete resolution is obtained in most patients. Our patient showed response in 6 months so further extension of therapy was not given. FNAC should be repeated to confirm that the residual mass is fibrotic. In refractory cases that lead to breast destruction, a simple mastectomy may be performed [1,3,9,10]. Radical mastectomy is best avoided unless there is a co-existing malignancy [5,11]. The duration of follow-up after therapy is variable. In a study by Shinde all patients were followed up for a minimum of two years to determine that they were free of the disease after therapy1.After complete ATT, residual lumps localized to a quadrant should be excised via segmental or sector mastectomy. Aspiration or surgical drainage may be required in some cases.

The cutaneous involvement of TB is rare. Underlying systemic involvement of TB is often seen in cutaneous TB, especially in children. Cutaneous TB is classified as true TB or tuberculids. True cutaneous TB is composed of tuberculous chancre, miliary TB, lupus vulgaris, scrofuloderma, TB verrucosa cutis, tuberculous metastatic abscess and orificial TB. Tuberculids are delayed sensitivity reactions to M. tuberculosis in patients with a strong immune response. Tuberculids include lichen scrofulosorum and papulonecrotictuberculid. Facultative tuberculids consist of erythema induratum and erythema nodosum. Erythema induratum is a recurrent, painful subcutaneous nodule usually on the posterior aspect of the leg. Biopsy shows lobular panniculitis with vasculitis and granulomatous inflammation. Eythemanodosum is a painful subcutaneous nodule, mostly found on the anterior aspect of the leg. Biopsy shows septalpanniculitis with an absence of vasculitis and usually without granuloma. Erythema nodosum often occurs in association with a granulomatous disease, including sarcoidosis, TB and granulomatous colitis. TB remains an important cause of erythema nodosum in endemic countries [17-19].